zaterdag 6 augustus 2011

Three books on evolution

According to the latest Gallup poll (17 Dec 2010)  40 % of Americans reject evolution and believe that God created humans in the present form. In Europe the situation is not as bad (except in Turkey), but there's still a lot of room for improvement.



This widespread rejection of evolution can only mean that many people are ignorant about the evidence for evolution or they simply do not understand it. Perhaps that might change if people were to read the following three books (all three have been translated in many languages).

  
The greatest show on earth: the evidence for evolution by Richard Dawkins, Why evolution is true by Jerry Coyne, and Your inner fish: a journey into the 3.5-billion-year history of the human body by Neil Shubin are excellent books on evolution written for the general public. I'm pretty sure that if all history-deniers (as Richard Dawkins calls creationists) would read these three books the percentage of creationists would drop significantly. Unfortunately it would be naive to imagine that this would rid us of creationism, because religious biases and social pressure can be hard to overcome. Most of them wouldn't want to read these books anyway. Having said that I'm also pretty sure that these books have in fact convinced quite a few readers that evolution is a fact. In an age in which the scientific world is regularly under attack in the general public this is a good result.

In "The greatest show on earth" Richard Dawkins is truly at his best. Instead of assuming the truth of evolution as he does in his previous books (as any serious academic should do given the widespread scientific consensus), Richard Dawkins asks why it is that we can be so confident that evolution is a scientific fact. He discusses the fossil evidence, the evidence from the geographic distribution of species, the rapid evolution of dogs, cows and cabbages by artificial selection, the evidence from evolutionary arms races, experimental evidence, evidence from skeletal correspondence between species, and more. There are also fabulous color pictures to illustrate the beauty of evolution. 

Jerry Coyne's "Why evolution is true" is rather similar to Richard Dawkins's book as it deals with similar pieces of evidence. Nevertheless, it is well worth the read even after reading Dawkins as it is very well written and there are some topics not dealt with by Dawkins. The chapter on remnants: vestiges, embryos and bad design is very strong and there are some interesting evolutionary puzzles addressed by Coyne. For example, what about finding fossils of marsupials in South-America. How did the marsupials get to Australia if we find their ancestral fossils so far away. The answer is that South-America and Australia used to be joined together in the southern part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Well, not quite, because Antarctica lay between South-America and Australia, so that we know that marsupials went from South-America to Australia via Antarctica. This gives us a nice prediction: since the fossils from South-America are at least 40 million years old and the fossils found in Australia are 30 million years old or less we can predict that fossils will be found in Antarctica aged between 30 and 40 million years old. Based on this prediction paleontologists went looking and with success. Fossils from marsupials have been found right on an ancient ice-free pathway between South-America and Australia aged between 35 and 40 million years. 

While we are on the subject of paleontology, Neil Shubin's book "Your inner fish" shows us how exciting this field can be. Shubin explains how paleontologists decide where to go looking for certain kinds of fossils based on what is know about ancient geography, previous fossil finds, the dating of rocks, and the types of rock that can preserve fossils. Shubin writes with a very contagious enthousiasm and paleontology becomes almost romantic when he describes the excitement of fossil searching in remote places like the arctic, the hardships of the environmental conditions, the hard work that is involved, and the enormous satisfaction of finally finding something of value. Shubin's most important find is undoubtedly Tiktaalik, an ancient species intermediate between fish and amphibians. This species was close to the origin of animal life on land; how exciting is that? Next to providing an excellent introduction to paleontology the book focuses on examining the human body from an evolutionary perspective. There is so much in our body that still points to our ancient life in the sea, our inner fish, and Shubin demonstrates this for our limbs, our teeth, our body plan, our vision, our ears, and our sense of smell. 

Although there is quite a bit of overlap between the three books (especially Dawkins and Coyne) it is well worth reading all three of them. I would suggest starting with Coyne, then Dawkins and then Shubin, but it probably doesn't make much difference. These books are definitely not just for those who are uncertain about evolution, as there is a lot of great stuff about evolution in them that should be of interest to those of use who already accept it as fact. Furthermore, it can't hurt to be reminded of the facts of evolution and if you are not an expert in the field there should be something new for you in all three of these books.